刚体动力学基础学习
1 符号
r
r
r
:刚体上某个质量微元对固定点O的位置矢径
r
P
r_P
r
P
:刚体上一点P对固定点O的位置矢径
ρ
\rho
ρ
:刚体上某个质量微元对基点P的位置矢径
ρ
c
\rho_c
ρ
c
:刚体质心C对P的位置矢径
m
m
m
:质量
v
k
v_k
v
k
:点k的速度
ω
\omega
ω
:角速度
a
k
a_k
a
k
:点k的加速度
Q
Q
Q
:动量
G
k
G_k
G
k
:关于点k的绝对动量矩
G
k
′
G_k^{'}
G
k
′
:关于点k的相对动量矩
F
F
F
:合外力
L
k
L_k
L
k
:对点k的合外力矩
2 动量
(2-1)
Q
=
∫
m
r
˙
d
m
=
m
r
˙
c
=
m
v
c
Q=\int_m \dot r \ {\rm dm}=m\dot r_c=mv_c\tag{2-1}
Q
=
∫
m
r
˙
d
m
=
m
r
˙
c
=
m
v
c
(
2
–
1
)
3 动量矩
动量矩的这部分内容相对复杂,因为要分成好多种情况进行讨论。分别是:
- 对固定点的动量矩
- 对动点的绝对动量矩
- 对动点的相对动量矩
首先,要对动点和固定点做区分。动点就是在动坐标系上的点,固定点就是在固定坐标系(或者说是惯性系)下的点。
其次,要对绝对动量矩和相对动量矩做区分。动量矩的计算公式是矢径和速度的乘积的积分,所谓绝对动量矩就是用绝对速度求解的动量矩,而相对动量矩就是用相对速度(相对动坐标系的速度)来求解的动量矩。由此可知,对固定点求动量矩,都没有绝对动量矩和相对动量矩的说法,因为对固定点都是绝对动量矩。而对于动点求动量矩,就有二者的区分。
另外,特别值得注意的是,动点中有一个点,非常特殊,那就是质心,它是占据有非常特殊地位的一个动点。对于质心而言,绝对动量矩和相对动量矩是相等的。而对于一般的动点,这一条完全不成立。
3.1 对固定点O的动量矩
(3-1)
G
O
=
∫
m
r
×
r
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
r
P
+
ρ
)
×
(
r
˙
P
+
ρ
˙
)
d
m
=
∫
m
(
r
P
+
ρ
)
×
(
v
P
+
ω
×
ρ
)
d
m
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
ρ
c
×
v
P
m
+
J
P
⋅
ω
\begin{aligned} G_O&=\int_m r\times\dot r \ {\rm dm}\\ &=\int_m (r_P+\rho)\times (\dot r_P + \dot \rho) \ {\rm dm}\\ &=\int_m (r_P+\rho)\times (v_P + \omega\times\rho) \ {\rm dm}\\ &=r_P\times v_c m+\rho_c\times v_P m+J_P\cdot \omega\\ \end{aligned}\tag{3-1}
G
O
=
∫
m
r
×
r
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
r
P
+
ρ
)
×
(
r
˙
P
+
ρ
˙
)
d
m
=
∫
m
(
r
P
+
ρ
)
×
(
v
P
+
ω
×
ρ
)
d
m
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
ρ
c
×
v
P
m
+
J
P
⋅
ω
(
3
–
1
)
3.2 对动点P的相对动量矩
公式(3-1)右端的第三项,实际上就是刚体在相对P点平动坐标系运动中对P点的动量矩。
(3-2)
G
P
′
=
J
P
⋅
ω
G_P^{'}=J_P\cdot\omega\tag{3-2}
G
P
′
=
J
P
⋅
ω
(
3
–
2
)
它的意思就是说,假设有一个坐标系固连在P点上,这个坐标系相对固定点O在平动,然后,计算刚体相对于P点的动量矩。因此,上式也可以写成:
(3-3)
G
P
′
=
∫
m
ρ
×
ρ
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
ρ
c
+
ρ
′
)
×
(
ρ
˙
c
+
ρ
˙
′
)
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
ρ
˙
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
=
J
P
⋅
ω
\begin{aligned} G_P^{'}&=\int_m \rho\times\dot\rho \ {\rm dm}\\ &=\int_m (\rho_c+\rho^{'})\times(\dot\rho_c+\dot\rho^{'})\ {\rm dm}\\ &=\rho_c\times\dot\rho_c m+J_c\cdot \omega=J_P\cdot\omega \end{aligned}\tag{3-3}
G
P
′
=
∫
m
ρ
×
ρ
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
ρ
c
+
ρ
′
)
×
(
ρ
˙
c
+
ρ
˙
′
)
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
ρ
˙
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
=
J
P
⋅
ω
(
3
–
3
)
3.3 对动点P的绝对动量矩
公式(3-1)右端的第二和第三项,实际上是刚体对P点的绝对动量矩。
(3-4)
G
P
=
ρ
c
×
v
P
m
+
J
P
⋅
ω
G_P=\rho_c\times v_P m+J_P\cdot \omega\tag{3-4}
G
P
=
ρ
c
×
v
P
m
+
J
P
⋅
ω
(
3
–
4
)
而上式又可以写作:
(3-5)
G
P
=
∫
m
ρ
×
r
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
ρ
c
+
ρ
′
)
×
r
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
\begin{aligned} G_P&=\int_m \rho\times\dot r \ {\rm dm}\\ &=\int_m (\rho_c+\rho^{'})\times\dot r\ {\rm dm}\\ &=\rho_c\times v_c m+J_c\cdot \omega \end{aligned}\tag{3-5}
G
P
=
∫
m
ρ
×
r
˙
d
m
=
∫
m
(
ρ
c
+
ρ
′
)
×
r
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
(
3
–
5
)
3.4 对质心C的相对动量矩和绝对动量矩
相对动量矩
(3-6)
G
c
′
=
J
c
⋅
ω
G_c^{'}=J_c\cdot\omega\tag{3-6}
G
c
′
=
J
c
⋅
ω
(
3
–
6
)
刚体在绝对运动(相对于固定点O的运动)中,对刚体质心的动量矩,等于,刚体在相对运动(相对基点P的运动)中对质心的动量矩。即:
(3-7)
G
c
=
G
c
′
G_c=G_c^{'}\tag{3-7}
G
c
=
G
c
′
(
3
–
7
)
3.5 固定点的动量矩与对动点的动量矩之间的关系
对固定点的动量矩与对动点P的绝对动量矩的关系为:
(3-8)
G
O
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
G
P
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
G_O=r_P\times v_c m+G_P=r_P\times v_c m+\rho_c\times v_c m+J_c\cdot \omega\tag{3-8}
G
O
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
G
P
=
r
P
×
v
c
m
+
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
(
3
–
8
)
当P点就是C点时,
(3-9)
G
O
=
r
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
=
r
c
×
v
c
m
+
G
c
G_O=r_c\times v_c m+J_c\cdot \omega=r_c\times v_c m+G_c\tag{3-9}
G
O
=
r
c
×
v
c
m
+
J
c
⋅
ω
=
r
c
×
v
c
m
+
G
c
(
3
–
9
)
4 动量定理
(4-1)
d
Q
d
t
=
F
=
m
r
¨
c
=
m
a
c
\frac{
{\rm d}Q}{
{\rm d}t}=F=m\ddot r_c=ma_c\tag{4-1}
d
t
d
Q
=
F
=
m
r
¨
c
=
m
a
c
(
4
–
1
)
上式便是牛顿动力学方程。
5 动量矩定理
5.1 动量矩基本定理(无需证明的)
刚体对固定点O的动量矩定理:
(5-1)
d
d
t
G
O
=
L
O
\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_O=L_O \tag{5-1}
d
t
d
G
O
=
L
O
(
5
–
1
)
刚体对质心的动量矩定理:
(5-2)
d
d
t
G
c
=
L
c
\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_c=L_c \tag{5-2}
d
t
d
G
c
=
L
c
(
5
–
2
)
5.2 刚体对动点的绝对动量矩定理
首先申明,刚体对动点的绝对动量矩就是前文推导的
G
P
G_P
G
P
。对动点的绝对动量矩的意思就是,对平移坐标系的原点求动量矩,但是求解时用的是绝对速度。
所以,
(5-3)
G
P
=
∫
m
ρ
×
r
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
G
c
G_P=\int_m \rho\times\dot r \ {\rm dm}=\rho_c\times v_c m+G_c \tag{5-3}
G
P
=
∫
m
ρ
×
r
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
v
c
m
+
G
c
(
5
–
3
)
所以求导,
(5-4)
d
d
t
G
P
=
ρ
˙
c
×
m
v
c
+
ρ
c
×
m
a
c
+
d
d
t
G
c
=
(
r
˙
c
−
r
˙
P
)
×
m
v
c
+
ρ
c
×
F
+
L
c
=
−
v
P
×
m
v
c
+
L
P
\begin{aligned} \frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_P &=\dot \rho_c\times mv_c+\rho_c\times ma_c+\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_c\\ &=(\dot r_c-\dot r_P)\times mv_c+\rho_c\times F+L_c\\ &=-v_P\times mv_c+L_P \end{aligned}\tag{5-4}
d
t
d
G
P
=
ρ
˙
c
×
m
v
c
+
ρ
c
×
m
a
c
+
d
t
d
G
c
=
(
r
˙
c
−
r
˙
P
)
×
m
v
c
+
ρ
c
×
F
+
L
c
=
−
v
P
×
m
v
c
+
L
P
(
5
–
4
)
其中,
L
P
L_P
L
P
代表了刚体所受的外力系对动点P的主矩,它的定义为:
(5-5)
L
P
=
ρ
c
×
F
+
L
c
L_P=\rho_c\times F+L_c\tag{5-5}
L
P
=
ρ
c
×
F
+
L
c
(
5
–
5
)
最终,刚体对动点的绝对动量矩定理的表达形式为:
(5-6)
d
d
t
G
P
=
−
v
P
×
m
v
c
+
L
P
\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_P=-v_P\times mv_c+L_P\tag{5-6}
d
t
d
G
P
=
−
v
P
×
m
v
c
+
L
P
(
5
–
6
)
5.3 刚体对动点的相对动量矩定理
首先申明,刚体对动点的相对动量矩就是前文推导的
G
P
′
′
G_P^{''}
G
P
′
′
。对动点的相对动量矩的意思就是,对平移坐标系的原点求动量矩,但是求解时用的是相对速度。
(5-7)
G
P
′
=
∫
m
ρ
×
ρ
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
ρ
˙
c
m
+
G
c
G_P^{'}=\int_m \rho\times\dot\rho \ {\rm dm}=\rho_c\times\dot\rho_c m+G_c\tag{5-7}
G
P
′
=
∫
m
ρ
×
ρ
˙
d
m
=
ρ
c
×
ρ
˙
c
m
+
G
c
(
5
–
7
)
求导:
(5-8)
d
d
t
G
P
′
=
ρ
c
×
m
ρ
¨
c
+
d
d
t
G
c
=
ρ
c
×
m
(
r
¨
c
−
r
¨
P
)
+
L
c
=
ρ
c
×
m
a
c
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
c
=
ρ
c
×
F
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
c
=
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
P
\begin{aligned} \frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_P^{'} &=\rho_c\times m \ddot\rho_c +\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t} G_c\\ &=\rho_c\times m (\ddot r_c-\ddot r_P) +L_c\\ &=\rho_c\times m a_c-\rho_c\times ma_P+L_c\\ &=\rho_c\times F-\rho_c\times ma_P+L_c\\ &=-\rho_c\times ma_P+L_P\\ \end{aligned}\tag{5-8}
d
t
d
G
P
′
=
ρ
c
×
m
ρ
¨
c
+
d
t
d
G
c
=
ρ
c
×
m
(
r
¨
c
−
r
¨
P
)
+
L
c
=
ρ
c
×
m
a
c
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
c
=
ρ
c
×
F
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
c
=
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
P
(
5
–
8
)
又因为,
G
P
′
=
J
P
⋅
ω
G_P^{'}=J_P\cdot\omega
G
P
′
=
J
P
⋅
ω
,其中
J
P
J_P
J
P
是一个张量在某组坐标系(基)下的坐标矩阵,它的取值和基的选取非常相关。如果
J
P
J_P
J
P
表示在固定坐标系下,那么由于刚体的旋转,
J
P
J_P
J
P
的取值时时刻刻都会发生变化。而如果
J
P
J_P
J
P
表示在与刚体固连的动坐标系下,那么其取值可以为一个常量。另外,必须注意,当
J
P
J_P
J
P
表示在动坐标系下时,此时公式中相应的
ω
\omega
ω
也是表示在动坐标系下的。所以:
(5-9)
d
d
t
G
P
′
=
d
d
t
(
J
P
⋅
ω
)
=
J
P
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
P
⋅
ω
\begin{aligned} \frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_P^{'}=\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}(J_P\cdot\omega)={J_P}\cdot\dot\omega+\omega\times J_P\cdot\omega \end{aligned}\tag{5-9}
d
t
d
G
P
′
=
d
t
d
(
J
P
⋅
ω
)
=
J
P
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
P
⋅
ω
(
5
–
9
)
所以,若把公式(5-9)带入公式(5-8),可得:
(5-10)
J
P
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
P
⋅
ω
+
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
=
L
P
{J_P}\cdot\dot\omega+\omega\times J_P\cdot\omega+\rho_c\times ma_P=L_P \tag{5-10}
J
P
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
P
⋅
ω
+
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
=
L
P
(
5
–
1
0
)
若P点就是质心,则
ρ
c
=
0
\rho_c=0
ρ
c
=
0
,由公式(5-10),可得:
(5-11)
J
c
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
c
⋅
ω
=
L
c
{J_c}\cdot\dot\omega+\omega\times J_c\cdot\omega=L_c \tag{5-11}
J
c
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
c
⋅
ω
=
L
c
(
5
–
1
1
)
上式便是鼎鼎大名的欧拉动力学方程了。
最终,刚体对动点的相对动量矩定理的表达形式为:
(5-12)
d
d
t
G
P
′
=
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
P
\frac{
{\rm d}}{
{\rm d}t}G_P^{'}=-\rho_c\times ma_P+L_P\tag{5-12}
d
t
d
G
P
′
=
−
ρ
c
×
m
a
P
+
L
P
(
5
–
1
2
)
6 牛顿—欧拉公式
(6-1)
F
=
m
a
c
L
c
=
J
c
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
c
⋅
ω
\begin{aligned} &F=ma_c\\ &L_c={J_c}\cdot\dot\omega+\omega\times J_c\cdot\omega \end{aligned}\tag{6-1}
F
=
m
a
c
L
c
=
J
c
⋅
ω
˙
+
ω
×
J
c
⋅
ω
(
6
–
1
)
以上,是大名鼎鼎的牛顿欧拉公式,看着形式很简单,但在应用时,有一些细节务必注意。
-
ac
a_c
a
c
是质心处的绝对加速度 -
Jc
J_c
J
c
是质心处定义的在动坐标系下表示的惯性张量 -
ω\omega
ω
是刚体在动坐标系下表示的角速度,通常也就是体坐标系 -
Lc
L_c
L
c
是对质心的合外力矩
7 利用牛顿—欧拉公式推导常见的多连杆机器人动力学方程
假设所有量都是表示在动坐标系下的,也就是刚体的随体坐标系{b}系,另外{b}系的原点设置在b点,b点与刚体质心不重合。此时的牛顿欧拉方程为:
(7-1)
F
b
=
m
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\begin{aligned} &F^b=ma_c^b\\ &L_c^b={J_c}\cdot\dot\omega^b+\omega^b\times J_c\cdot\omega^b \end{aligned}\tag{7-1}
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(
7
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1
)
首先分析牛顿方程:
(7-2)
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\begin{aligned} &v_c^b=v_b^b+\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b\\ &\dot v_c^b=\dot v_b^b+\omega^b\times v_b^b+(\dot\omega^b+\omega^b\times\omega^b)\times r_{bc}^b+\omega^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)\\ &a_c^b=\dot v_c^b=\dot v_b^b+\omega^b\times v_b^b+\dot\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b+\omega^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)\\ \end{aligned}\tag{7-2}
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(
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所以,得到结论:
(7-3)
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\begin{aligned} &F^b=m\dot v_b^b+m\omega^b\times v_b^b+m\dot\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b+m\omega^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)\\ \end{aligned}\tag{7-3}
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(
7
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接下来分析欧拉方程:
(7-4)
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\begin{aligned} L_b^b&=L_c^b+r_{bc}^b\times F^b=L_c^b+mr_{bc}^b\times a_c^b\\ &={J_c}\cdot\dot\omega^b+\omega^b\times J_c\cdot\omega^b+mr_{bc}^b\times\dot v_b^b+mr_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times v_b^b)+mr_{bc}^b\times(\dot\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)\\ &\ \ \ \ \ +mr_{bc}^b\times[\omega^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)]\\ &=(J_c+m{r_{bc}^b}\cdot{r_{bc}^b}\cdot I_{3\times3}-m{r_{bc}^b}^T{r_{bc}^b})\cdot\dot\omega^b+\omega^b\times J_c\cdot\omega^b+mr_{bc}^b\times\dot v_b^b\\ &\ \ \ \ \ +mr_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times v_b^b)+m\omega^b\times[r_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b)]\\ &=(J_c+m{r_{bc}^b}\cdot{r_{bc}^b}\cdot I_{3\times3}-m{r_{bc}^b}^T{r_{bc}^b})\cdot\dot\omega^b+mr_{bc}^b\times\dot v_b^b\\ &\ \ \ \ \ +mr_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times v_b^b)+\omega^b\times(J_c+m{r_{bc}^b}\cdot{r_{bc}^b}\cdot I_{3\times3}-m{r_{bc}^b}^T{r_{bc}^b})\cdot\omega^b \end{aligned}\tag{7-4}
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最终形式为:
(7-5)
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L_b^b=J_b\cdot\dot\omega^b+mr_{bc}^b\times\dot v_b^b +mr_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times v_b^b)+\omega^b\times J_b\cdot\omega^b\tag{7-5}
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其中:
(7-6)
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J_b = J_c+m{r_{bc}^b}\cdot{r_{bc}^b}\cdot I_{3\times3}-m{r_{bc}^b}^T{r_{bc}^b}\tag{7-6}
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(
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所以,结合牛顿和欧拉方程,写成矩阵形式,有:
(7-7)
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\begin{aligned} \left[\begin{matrix} F^b \\ L_b^b \end{matrix}\right]= \left[\begin{matrix} mI_{3\times3} & -m[r_{bc}^b]_\times \\ m[r_{bc}^b]_\times & J_b \\ \end{matrix}\right] \left[\begin{matrix} \dot v_b^b \\ \dot\omega^b \end{matrix}\right] + \left[\begin{matrix} m\omega^b\times v_b^b+m\omega^b\times(\omega^b\times r_{bc}^b) \\ mr_{bc}^b\times(\omega^b\times v_b^b)+\omega^b\times J_b\cdot\omega^b \end{matrix}\right] \end{aligned}\tag{7-7}
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(
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