目录
本文将对在Springboot中如何使用Junit进行单元测试进行简单示例和介绍,项目的完整目录层次如下图所示。
添加依赖与配置
为了保证测试的完整性,本工程POM文件中除引入Junit单元测试依赖外,还额外引入了用来测试JDBC和Controller的JPA和WEB依赖。
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.6.RELEASE</version>
</parent>
<dependencies>
<!-- 添加MySQL依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- 添加JDBC依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- 引入单元测试依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
同时,在src/main/resources目录下添加核心配置文件application.properties,内容如下。
#########################################################
### Spring DataSource -- DataSource configuration ###
#########################################################
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/dev1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.username=root
spring.datasource.password=123456
#########################################################
### Java Persistence Api -- Spring jpa configuration ###
#########################################################
# Specify the DBMS
spring.jpa.database = MYSQL
# Show or not log for each sql query
spring.jpa.show-sql = true
# Hibernate ddl auto (create, create-drop, update)
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto = update
# Naming strategy
#[org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy #org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy]
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming-strategy = org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy
# stripped before adding them to the entity manager)
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect = org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect
ApplicationContext测试
在Springboot中使用Junit进行单元测试的方法很简单,只需要在编写的单元测试类上添加两个注解:@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)和@SpringBootTest。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) // 等价于使用 @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = { MyApplication.class, TestConfig.class })
public class ApplicationContextTest {
@Autowired
private ApplicationContext context;
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
@Test
public void testUserDao() {
userDao.addUser(18, "pengjunlee");
}
@Test
public void testConfiguration() {
Runnable bean = context.getBean(Runnable.class);
Assert.assertNotNull(bean);
bean.run();
}
}
UserDao定义如下。
@Repository
public class UserDao {
@Autowired
private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
@Transactional
public void addUser(Integer userAge, String userName) {
String sql = "insert into tbl_user (age,name) values ('" + userAge + "','" + userName + "');";
jdbcTemplate.execute(sql);
}
}
TestConfig定义如下。
/**
* @TestConfiguration注解的配置内的Bean仅在测试时装配
*/
@TestConfiguration
public class TestConfig {
@Bean
public Runnable createRunnable(){
return ()->{
System.out.println("This is a test Runnable bean...");
};
}
}
提示:
@SpringBootTest注解的classes可以指定用来加载Spring容器所使用的配置类,@TestConfiguration注解修饰的配置类内的Bean仅在测试的时候才会装配。
Environment测试
我们可以通过@SpringBootTest注解的properties属性向Environment中设置新的属性,也可以通过使用EnvironmentTestUtils工具类来向ConfigurableEnvironment中添加新的属性。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(properties = { "app.token=pengjunlee" })
public class EnvironmentTest {
@Autowired
private Environment env;
@Autowired
private ConfigurableEnvironment cenv;
@Before
public void init() {
EnvironmentTestUtils.addEnvironment(cenv, "app.secret=55a4b77eda");
}
@Test
public void testEnvironment() {
System.out.println(env.getProperty("spring.datasource.url"));
Assert.assertEquals("pengjunlee", env.getProperty("app.token"));
Assert.assertEquals("55a4b77eda", cenv.getProperty("app.secret"));
}
@Test
@Ignore // 忽略测试方法
public void testIgnore() {
System.out.println("你看不见我...");
}
}
扩展:
Junit测试用例执行顺序:@BeforeClass ==> @Before ==> @Test ==> @After ==> @AfterClass 。
注意:
在使用Junit对Spring容器进行单元测试时,若在src/test/resources 目录下存在核心配置文件,Spring容器将会只加载src/test/resources 目录下的核心配置文件,而不再加载src/main/resources 目录下的核心配置文件。
MockBean测试
我们可以通过@MockBean注解来对那些未添加实现的接口进行模拟测试,预先设定好调用方法期待的返回值,然后再进行测试。
例如,有如下的IUserService接口,定义了一个getUserAge()方法用来根据用户的ID来查询用户的年龄。
public interface IUserService {
Integer getUserAge(Long userId);
}
使用@MockBean来对IUserService接口进行模拟测试,测试代码如下。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
public class MockBeanTest {
@MockBean
private IUserService userService;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void testMockBean() {
BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(2L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(18));
BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(0L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(0));
BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(null)).willThrow(NullPointerException.class);
Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(18), userService.getUserAge(2L));
Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), userService.getUserAge(0L));
Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), userService.getUserAge(null));
}
}
Controller测试
在Springboot中可以通过TestRestTemplate和MockMvc来对Controller进行测试,有以下两种情况。
情况一
Controller中未装配任何其他Spring容器中的Bean,例如下面这个控制器。
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController01 {
@GetMapping("/home")
public String homeUser(@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {
if (null == userName || userName.trim() == "") {
return "you are nobody...";
}
return "This is " + userName + "'s home...";
}
}
此时无需启动Spring容器,可直接使用MockMvc来对Controller进行模拟测试,测试代码如下。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@WebMvcTest(controllers = { UserController01.class })
public class ControllerTest01 {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@Test
public void testAddUser() throws Exception {
mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/home").param("name", ""))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("you are nobody..."));
mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/home").param("name", "pengjunlee"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("This is pengjunlee's home..."));
}
}
情况二
Controller中需装配其他Spring容器中的Bean,例如下面这个控制器。
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController02 {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
@GetMapping("/add")
public String addUser(@RequestParam(name = "age", required = false, defaultValue = "0") Integer userAge,
@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {
if (userAge <= 0 || null == userName || userName.trim() == "") {
return "0";
}
userDao.addUser(userAge, userName);
return "1";
}
}
此时除了要启动Spring容器,还需要启动内嵌的WEB环境,有以下两种方法。
方法一
利用TestRestTemplate进行测试。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class ControllerTest02 {
@Autowired
private TestRestTemplate template;
@Test
public void testAddUser() {
String result1 = template.getForObject("/user/add?name=pengjunlee", String.class);
Assert.assertEquals("0", result1);
String result2 = template.getForObject("/user/add?age=20&name=Tracy", String.class);
Assert.assertEquals("1", result2);
}
}
方法二
利用MockMvc进行测试。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
public class ControllerTest03 {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@Test
public void testAddUser() throws Exception {
mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/add").param("name", ""))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("0"));
mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/add").param("age", "22").param("name", "pengjunlee"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("1"));
}
}
本文项目源码已上传至CSDN,资源地址:
https://download.csdn.net/download/pengjunlee/10394302