一. 传统方式
以天气预报以公告形式发送给第三方为例
1. 代码示例
CurrentConditions类,显示当前天气情况
public class CurrentConditions {
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//更新,第三方调用,推送
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("今天的气温 " + temperature);
System.out.println("今天的气压 " + pressure);
System.out.println("今天的湿度 " + humidity);
}
}
WeatherData类,含有CurrentConditions对象;当数据更新时就调用update方法
public class WeatherData {
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
private CurrentConditions currentConditions;
public WeatherData(CurrentConditions currentConditions) {
this.currentConditions = currentConditions;
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public void dataChange(){
currentConditions.update(getTemperature(),getPressure(),getHumidity());
}
//当数据有更新时调用
public void setData(float temperature,float pressure,float humidity){
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
//将最新的信息推送给第三方
dataChange();
}
}
Client类,客户端
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(currentConditions);
weatherData.setData(32,150,40);
System.out.println("=====天气情况变化=====");
weatherData.setData(34,155,44);
}
}
2. 传统方式问题分析
在WeatherData中,当增加一个第三方,就需要创建一个对应的第三方的公告板对象,并加入到dataChange, 不利于维护,也不是动态加入,违反了ocp原则。
故引出观察者模式。
二. 观察者模式
1. 概念
观察者模式,对象之间多对一依赖的一种设计方案,被依赖的对象为Subject,依赖的对象为Observer, Subject通知Observer变化,
比如气象站是Subject, 是1的一方;第三方是Observer, 是多的一方。
Subject: 登记注册、移除和通知
registerObserver:
注册
removeObserver:
移除
notifyObservers:
通知所有的注册的用户,根据不同需求,可以是更新数据,让用户来取,也可能是实施推送,看具体需求定
Observer:接收输入
2. 代码示例
类图
Observer接口,抽象的观察者
public interface Observer {
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity);
}
Subject接口,抽象定义登记注册、移除和通知
public interface Subject {
public void registerObserver(Observer o);
public void removeObserver(Observer o);
public void notifyObserver();
}
WeatherData类,实现Subject接口,含有观察者集合,用ArrayList管理,当数据更新时就调用update方法
public class WeatherData implements Subject{
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
private ArrayList<Observer> observers;
public WeatherData() {
observers = new ArrayList<>();
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public void dataChange(){
notifyObserver();
}
//当数据有更新时调用
public void setData(float temperature,float pressure,float humidity){
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
//将最新的信息推送给第三方
dataChange();
}
//注册一个观察者
@Override
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
observers.add(o);
}
//移除一个观察者
@Override
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
if(observers.contains(o)) {
observers.remove(o);
}
}
@Override
public void notifyObserver() {
for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
observers.get(i).update(this.temperature,this.pressure,this.humidity);
}
}
}
CurrentConditions类,实现Observer接口,显示当前天气情况
public class CurrentConditions implements Observer{
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//更新,第三方调用,推送
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("***********气象台************");
System.out.println("今天的气温 " + temperature);
System.out.println("今天的气压 " + pressure);
System.out.println("今天的湿度 " + humidity);
}
}
3. 与传统方式对比
观察者模式设计后,会以集合的方式来管理用户(Observer), 包括注册,移除和通知。当增加观察者时,就不需要去修改核心类WeatherData,遵守了ocp原则。如下,新增BD第三方
public class BD implements Observer{
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//更新,第三方调用,推送
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("***********百度************");
System.out.println("百度的气温 " + temperature);
System.out.println("百度的气压 " + pressure);
System.out.println("百度的湿度 " + humidity);
}
}
Client类
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
weatherData.registerObserver(currentConditions);
System.out.println("通过各个注册的观察者");
weatherData.setData(26,140,30);
System.out.println("======================================");
System.out.println("新增百度第三方观察者,通过各个注册的观察者");
BD bd = new BD();
weatherData.registerObserver(bd);
weatherData.setData(26,140,30);
}
}