在查看Atlas的时候涉及 到一个名词 JSON ,所以 上网查了一下,在 Wikipedia 有定义:
JSON
(pronounced like the English given name
Jason
,
IPA
/dʒeɪsən/
), which stands for ”
J
ava
S
cript
O
bject
N
otation
“, is a lightweight computer data interchange format.
JSON 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式。它以 JavaScript 语法来描述数据格式。因此,它在 JavaScript 中进行解析(反序列化)是很容易的。JSON的另外一个优势是跨域可行性,例如你在www.xxx.com的网页里使用<script type=”text/javascript” src=”http://www.yyy.com/some.js”></script>是完全可行的,这就意味着你可以跨域传递信息。而使用XMLHttpRequest却获取不了跨域的信息,这是javascript内部的安全性质所限制的。
PS:今天看到一个比较详细的,在这里贴出来吧!
What is JSON:The application/json Media Type for JSON
Network Working Group D. Crockford
Request for Comments: 4627 JSON.org
Category: Informational July 2006
The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
摘要
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 是一种轻量级、基于文本、语言无关的数据交换格式。它是从ECMAScript语言标准衍生而来的。JSON为轻便的表示结构化数据,定义了一小套格式化规则
1. 说明
JSON是结构化数据串行化的文本格式。它衍生自Javascript的对象实字,这定义在ECMAScript语言标准第三版中。JSON能够描述四种简单的类型(字符串、数字、布尔值及null)和两种结构化类型(对象及数组)。字符串(string)是零个或多个Unicode字符的序列。对象(object)是无次序的零个或多个名/值(name/value)对的集合,这里的name是string类型,value则可以是string、number、boolean、null、object或array类型。数组(array)是零个或多个value的有序序列。"object"和"array"这两个术语来自JavaScript规范。JSON的设计目标是使它成为小的、轻便的、文本的,而且是JavaScript的一个子集。
1.1. 本文档使用的术语/约定
本文档中的关键字:"MUST"、"MUST NOT"、"REQUIRED"、"SHALL"、"SHALL NOT", "SHOULD"、"SHOULD NOT"、"RECOMMENDED"、"MAY"和"OPTIONAL",按照[RFC2119]中所描述的来解释。本文档中的语法规则按照[RFC4234]中所描述的来解释。
2. JSON语法
JSON文本是一个标记符的序列。这套标记符包含六个构造字符、字符串、数字和三个实字名。JSON文本一个串行化的对象或数组。
- JSON-text = object / array
以下是六个构造字符:
- begin-array = ws %x5B ws ; [ 左方括号
- begin-object = ws %x7B ws ; { 左大括号
- end-array = ws %x5D ws ; ] 右方括号
- end-object = ws %x7D ws ; } 右大括号
- name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; : 冒号
- value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , 逗号
在这六个构造字符的前或后允许存在无意义的空白符。
- ws = *(
%x20 / ; 空格符%x09 / ; 水平制表符%x0A / ; 换行符%x0D ; 回车符)
2.1. 值
JSON必须(MUST)是一个对象、数组、数字或字符串,或者是下面三个实字名之一:
false null true
实字名必须(MUST)是小写的,且不允许有其它的实字名。
- value = false / null / true / object / array / number / string
false = %x66.61.6c.73.65 ; falsenull = %x6e.75.6c.6c ; nulltrue = %x74.72.75.65 ; true
2.2. 对象
对象结构被表示为:一对大括号包围着零个或多个name/value对(或者是成员) 。名是string类型的。每个名后面根一个冒号,把名与值分开。逗号则隔开紧跟在值后的另一个名。对象中的这些名应该(SHOULD)是唯一的。
- object = begin-object [ member *( value-separator member ) ] end-object
- member = string name-separator value
2.3. 数组
数组结构表示为:方括号包围着零个或多个值(或是元素)。元素间以逗号相隔。
- array = begin-array [ value *( value-separator value ) ] end-array
2.4. 数字
数字的表示法与其它多数编程语言相似。一个数字包括一个可能带着负号的整数成分,它后面可能跟着一个小数部分或是指数部分。不允许有八进制及十六进制形式。前面带有0也是被禁止的。小数部分是一个小数点后跟着一个或多个阿拉伯数字。指数部分以大写或小写的E开头,E后面可以跟一个正/负号。接着是一个或多个阿拉伯数字。数字值不能表示成阿拉伯数字数字的序列(如Infinity和Nan是不允许的)。
- number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]
decimal-point = %x2E ; .digit1-9 = %x31-39 ; 1-9e = %x65 / %x45 ; e Eexp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGITfrac = decimal-point 1*DIGITint = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )minus = %x2D ; -plus = %x2B ; +zero = %x30 ; 0
2.5. 字符串
字符串的表示法与C语言家族的规范类似。string以引号开始与结束。所有的Unicode字符都可以放置在引号中,除了转义字符:引号、反斜杆/、控制符(U+0000 - U+001F)。所有的这些字符都因该避免。如果字符在基本的多语言环境中(U+0000 - U+FFFF),它可以以这样的六字符序列表示:一个反斜杆,后面跟一个字母U,再跟四个字符代号的十六进制编码的阿拉伯数字。A - F这些十六进制字母可以小写。所以像只包含一个反斜杆的字符可以表示成:"/u005C"。另一种办法,可以用两个转义字符序列来表示一些常用的字符。所以像只包含一个反斜杆字符的字符串可以更简洁的表示成"//"。转义一个在多语言环境中不存在的字符,这个字符可以表示成一个12字符的序列,编码为UTF-16的代用对(UTF-16 surrogate pair)。所以像只包含一个G音谱字符的字符串可以表示为"/uD834/uDD1E"。
- string = quotation-mark *char quotation-mark
char = unescaped /escape (%x22 / ; " quotation mark U+0022%x5C / ; / reverse solidus U+005C%x2F / ; / solidus U+002F%x62 / ; b backspace U+0008%x66 / ; f form feed U+000C%x6E / ; n line feed U+000A%x72 / ; r carriage return U+000D%x74 / ; t tab U+0009%x75 4HEXDIG ) ; uXXXX U+XXXXescape = %x5C ; /quotation-mark = %x22 ; "unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
3. 编码
JSON文SHALL被编码为Unicode。缺省的编码为UTF-8。因为JSON文本的开头两个字符总是ASCII字符[RFC0020],我们可以通过查看前面4个字符的0部分,来判断8字节的流是UTF-8还是UTF-16(BE or LE),或者是UTF-32(BE or LE)。
- 00 00 00 xx UTF-32BE
00 xx 00 xx UTF-16BExx 00 00 00 UTF-32LExx 00 xx 00 UTF-16LExx xx xx xx UTF-8
4. 解析器
JSON解析器将JSON文本转换成其它的表现形式。它必须(MUST)能够接受符合JSON语法的所有文本。解析器也可以(MAY)接受非JSON的形式或一些扩展。实现中,可以设置限制它所接受的文本大小,可以限制JSON文本的最大深度,可以设置数的范围,也可以限制字符串中的字符长度。
5. 生成器
JSON生成器生成JSON文本。目标文本必须(MSUT)严格遵守JSON的语法。
6. IANA Considerations
JSON文本的MIME类型是application/json。类型名:application图表类型名:JSON必需的参数:n/a可选的参数:n/a编码选择: 8bit if UTF-8; binary if UTF-16 or UTF-32
JSON may be represented using UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32. When JSON is written in UTF-8, JSON is 8bit compatible. When JSON is written in UTF-16 or UTF-32, the binary content-transfer-encoding must be used.
安全考虑:
- 脚本语言通常都有安全问题。JSON是JavaScript的子集,但是它是一个撤消了附值与调用的安全子集。
- JSON文本可以安全的传递个JavaScript的eval()函数。如果字符没有被装入JSON标记符中的标记中,这可以通过JavaScript的两个正则表达式,使用test和replace方法,来快速的判定。
var my_JSON_object = !(/[^,:{}/[/]0-9./-+Eaeflnr-u /n/r/t]/.test(
text.replace(/”(//.|[^”//])*”/g, ”))) &&
eval(‘(‘ + text + ‘)’);
互用性考虑: n/a
发布的规范: RFC 4627
使用该媒体类型的应用程序:
JSON has been used to exchange data between applications written in all of these programming languages: ActionScript, C, C#, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, E, Erlang, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Objective CAML, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, and Scheme.
其它额外信息(略)
7. Security Considerations
参考第六节中的Security Considerations。
8. 例子
一个JSON对象:
- {
"Image": {"Width": 800,"Height": 600,"Title": "View from 15th Floor","Thumbnail": {"Url": "http://www.example.com/image/481989943","Height": 125,"Width": "100"},"IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]}}该对象的Image成员是一个对象,而Image的Thumbnail成员也是一个对象,且Image的IDs成员是一个数组。下面是一个包含两个对象JSON数组:
- [
{"precision": "zip","Latitude": 37.7668,"Longitude": -122.3959,"Address": "","City": "SAN FRANCISCO","State": "CA","Zip": "94107","Country": "US"},{"precision": "zip","Latitude": 37.371991,"Longitude": -122.026020,"Address": "","City": "SUNNYVALE","State": "CA","Zip": "94085","Country": "US"}]
9. 参考文献
9.1. 标准化参考
[ECMA] European Computer Manufacturers Association, "ECMAScript
Language Specification 3rd Edition", December 1999,
<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/
ecma-st/ECMA-262.pdf>.
[RFC0020] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", RFC 20,
October 1969.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard Version 4.0",
2003, http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/.
作者联系方式
Douglas Crockford
JSON.org
EMail: douglas@crockford.com
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