说到线程,一定要谈到线程状态,不同的状态说明线程正处于不同的工作机制下,不同的工作机制下某些动作可能对线程产生不同的影响。
一、Java线程状态转换图
二、Java的几种线程状态说明
Java语言定义了6中状态,而同一时刻,线程有且仅有其中的一种状态。要获取Java线程的状态可以使用 java.lang.Thread类中定义的getState()方法,获取当前线程的状态就可以使用getState()来获取。该方法返回的类型是一个枚举类型,是Thread内部的一个枚举,全称为“java.lang.Thread.State”,这个枚举中定义的类型列表就是Java语言这个级别对应的线程状态列表,包含了NEW、RUNNABLE、BLOCKED、WAITING、TIMED_WAITING、TERMINATED这些值。
1、
新建状态(New)
:新创建了一个线程对象。
2、
就绪状态(Runnable)
:线程对象创建后,其他线程调用了该对象的start()方法。该状态的线程位于“可运行线程池”中,变得可运行,只等待获取CPU的使用权。即在就绪状态的进程除CPU之外,其它的运行所需资源都已全部获得。
3、
阻塞状态(Blocked)
:阻塞状态是线程因为某种原因放弃CPU使用权,暂时停止运行。直到线程进入就绪状态,才有机会转到运行状态。
阻塞的情况分三种:
(1)、
等待阻塞
:运行的线程执行wait()方法,该线程会释放占用的所有资源,JVM会把该线程放入“等待池”中。进入这个状态后,是不能自动唤醒的,必须依靠其他线程调用notify()或notifyAll()方法才能被唤醒,
(2)、
同步阻塞
:运行的线程在获取对象的同步锁时,若该同步锁被别的线程占用,则JVM会把该线程放入“锁池”中。
(3)、
其他阻塞
:运行的线程执行sleep()或join()方法,或者发出了I/O请求时,JVM会把该线程置为阻塞状态。当sleep()状态超时、join()等待线程终止或者超时、或者I/O处理完毕时,线程重新转入就绪状态。
4、
无限期等待(WAITING)
:处于这种状态的线程不会被分配CPU执行时间,它们要等待显示的被其它线程唤醒。这种状态通常是指一个线程拥有对象锁后进入到相应的代码区域后,调用相应的“锁对象”的wait()方法操作后产生的一种结果。变相的实现还有LockSupport.park()、Thread.join()等,它们也是在等待另一个事件的发生,也就是描述了等待的意思。
以下方法会让线程陷入无限期等待状态:
(1)没有设置timeout参数的Object.wait()
(2)没有设置timeout参数的Thread.join()
(3)LockSupport.park()
注意:
LockSupport.park(Object blocker) 会挂起当前线程,参数blocker是用于设置当前线程的“volatile Object parkBlocker 成员变量”
parkBlocker 是用于记录线程是被谁阻塞的,可以通过LockSupport.getBlocker()获取到阻塞的对象,用于监控和分析线程用的。
“阻塞”与“等待”的区别:
(1)“阻塞”状态是等待着获取到一个排他锁,进入“阻塞”状态都是被动的,离开“阻塞”状态是因为其它线程释放了锁,不阻塞了;
(2)“等待”状态是在等待一段时间 或者 唤醒动作的发生,进入“等待”状态是主动的
如主动调用Object.wait(),如无法获取到ReentraantLock,主动调用LockSupport.park(),如主线程主动调用 subThread.join(),让主线程等待子线程执行完毕再执行
离开“等待”状态是因为其它线程发生了唤醒动作或者到达了等待时间
5、
限期等待(TIMED_WAITING)
:处于这种状态的线程也不会被分配CPU执行时间,不过无需等待被其它线程显示的唤醒,在一定时间之后它们会由系统自动的唤醒。
以下方法会让线程进入TIMED_WAITING限期等待状态:
(1)Thread.sleep()方法
(2)设置了timeout参数的Object.wait()方法
(3)设置了timeout参数的Thread.join()方法
(4)LockSupport.parkNanos()方法
(5)LockSupport.parkUntil()方法
6、
限期等待(TIMED_WAITING)
:已终止线程的线程状态,线程已经结束执行。换句话说,run()方法走完了,线程就处于这种状态。其实这只是Java语言级别的一种状态,在操作系统内部可能已经注销了相应的线程,或者将它复用给其他需要使用线程的请求,而在Java语言级别只是通过Java代码看到的线程状态而已。
线程状态的源码在java.lang.Thread类中:
/**
* A thread state. A thread can be in one of the following states:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
* A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
* A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
* A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
* is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
* perform a particular action is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
* for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
* A thread that has exited is in this state.
* </li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>
* A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
* These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
* any operating system thread states.
*
* @since 1.5
* @see #getState
*/
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
* that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;
}