1. 什么是gas?
- gas是“燃料”的意思。在以太坊区块链上实现了一个EVM(以太坊虚拟机)的代码运行环境,在链上执行写入操作时,网络中的每个全节点都会进行相同的计算并存储相同的值。
- 这种执行的消耗是昂贵的,为了促使大家将能在链下进行的运算都不放到链上进行,也为了奖励矿工,在链上每执行一个写入操作时,都需要支付一定的费用,用gas为单位来计数。
-
每个在链上可以执行的命令都设置了一个消耗的gas值,例:
PUSH操作
需要消耗
3个gas
,
一次转账
一般要消耗
21000 gas
,gas使用
ether
来支付。 - 1 ether = 1 x 10^18 wei = 1 x 10^9 Gwei 。
注意:无论您执行的命令是成功还是失败,都需要支付计算费用,即使失败,节点也验证并执行了您的交易(计算),因此必须和成功执行支付一样的费用。
-
Gas Price
就是你愿意为一个单位的Gas出多少
ether
,一般用
Gwei
作单位。 -
Gas Price
越高,就表示交易中每运算一步,会支付更多的
ether
。 -
通过
gas price
可以节省矿工费用,但也会减慢矿工打包的速度。因为,矿工会优先打包
gas price
设置高的交易,如果您想加快转账,您可以把
gas price
设置得更高,这样您就可以插队靠前。 -
以太坊的交易手续费为:
TxFee = gas * gas Price
,单位
Gwei
。 -
一次转账
一般要消耗
21000 gas
,如果你设置的
gas Price = 1000000000wei = 1Gwei
,则此次转账的交易手续费为:
TxFee = 21000 Gwei = 0.000021 ether
。 -
A账户欲向B账户转账
4 ether
,则要求A账户至少要有
4 + 0.000021 = 4. 000021 ethrer
。
最后值得一提的是
Gas Price
越高,你提交的交易会越快被矿工接纳。 但通常人们都不愿多支付手续费, 那么究竟应该将Gas Price设置为多少,才可以保证在能接受的时间内,让交易被确认到区域链上呢?
我们可以为交易定义
gas price
,具体的值可以参考
ETH gas station
。这里能看到以太坊区块链上最近完成的交易对应的消耗单价、记录时间、等待时间、手续费均价等。根据自身交易需求,我们可以参考右下
Safelow/Standard/Fast
三个速度对应的
gasPrice
。
-
为了能让交易更快地被执行,我们可以在发起交易时设置
gas和gasPrice
,还可以设置
noce
,设置方法如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-javascript">eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">sendTransaction</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">from</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">0x4fd9555dd1309e7a2a356ea7e92c1b41cb7bb144</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
to<span style="color:#999999">:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">0xf7deba629960e4f31f1aba61927f6f1e966c4462</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
value<span style="color:#999999">:</span> web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"ether"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
gas<span style="color:#999999">:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">60000</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
gasPrice<span style="color:#999999">:</span> web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">40</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">'gwei'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
nonce<span style="color:#999999">:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">30</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>
-
Gas Limit
就是一次交易中
gas
的可用上限,也就是你的交易中最多会执行多少步运算。 由于交易复杂程度各有不同,
确切的Gas消耗量是在完成交易后才会知道,因此在你提交交易之前,需要为交易设定一个Gas用量的上限。 -
每个区块有
gas limit
,即单个区块允许的最多gas总量,可以用来决定单个区块中能打包多少笔交易。 -
我们每一次交易或合约调用都要设置一个
gas limit
,如果该次操作所使用的gas数量小于或等于您所设置的
gas limit
,则会被执行。但如果gas总消耗量超过
gas limit
,所有的操作都会被重置,但费用依旧会被收取——因为要奖励已经付出劳动的矿工。 -
在执行中实际消耗的gas值总和叫
gas used
,
gas used
未达到
gas Limit
, 那么只会按实际
gas used
收取交易服务费,没有使用完的gas会退还到原账号。根据我查找的资料来看,这里所说的
gas Limit
就是指
chapter 3
中的g
as属性
。 -
如果您尝试将一个会使用超过当前区块
gas limit
的交易打包,则会被网络拒绝,会反馈
below gas limit
。
5. 手续费不足异常(insufficient funds)的解决
-
在多主机多节点的转账过程中,自己本来想从节点01的A账户(里面有
4 ether
)向节点02的B账户(里面
0 ether
)转账
1 ether
,粗心的将节点03搞成了节点01。节点03的A账户里面
0 ether
,因此报出了
insufficient funds
异常。
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-javascript"><span style="color:#669900">></span> eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">sendTransaction</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accounts<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>to<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#669900">"0x4161514855682c94e3cbcb4808eb8766cf889e17"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>value<span style="color:#999999">:</span>web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"ether"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
Error<span style="color:#999999">:</span> insufficient funds <span style="color:#c678dd">for</span> gas <span style="color:#669900">*</span> price <span style="color:#669900">+</span> value
at web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span>js<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">3143</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">20</span>
at web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span>js<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">6347</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">15</span>
at web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span>js<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">5081</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">36</span>
at <span style="color:#669900"><</span>anonymous<span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span>
</code></span>
-
因此查询了
insufficient funds
异常的解决办法,汇总如下:
① 创世区块的配置问题:
关于以太坊私有链中进行交易时余额不足的问题处理
,更改了
chainId
,估计很难遇到由
chainId
引起的异常。
② 更靠谱的方法是,计算一下
gas*gasPrice + value
是不是大于当前账户的值,这里的value是指交易金额。参考链接:
https://liankexing.com/question/question_page/id/757.html
。
-
自己就是属于上面的
第二种情况
,而且是一种很极端的情况,
对没有任何余额的账户进行转账操作
!傻逼了~
-
如何计算
gas*gasPrice + value
是不是大于当前账户的值?
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-javascript"><span style="color:#5c6370">//使用eth.estimateGas()方法来估计gas消耗量</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> gas <span style="color:#669900">=</span> eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">estimateGas</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> to<span style="color:#999999">:</span> to<span style="color:#999999">,</span> value<span style="color:#999999">:</span> web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"ether"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">21000</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370">//获取gasPrice,单位为 wei</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span>gasPrice
<span style="color:#98c379">1000000000</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370">//计算交易手续费TxFee</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> fee <span style="color:#669900">=</span> gas<span style="color:#669900">*</span>eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span>gasPrice
<span style="color:#98c379">21000000000000</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370">//计算gas*gasPrice + 2 ether</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> <span style="color:#61aeee">parseInt</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>fee<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#669900">+</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">parseInt</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"ether"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">2000021000000000000</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370">//查看账户余额</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getBalance</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accounts<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">201000042000000000000</span>
<span style="color:#5c6370">//账户余额远大于gas*gasPrice + value,可以执行转账</span>
<span style="color:#669900">></span> eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">sendTransaction</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">{</span><span style="color:#c678dd">from</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span>eth<span style="color:#999999">.</span>accounts<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>to<span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#669900">"0x4161514855682c94e3cbcb4808eb8766cf889e17"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>value<span style="color:#999999">:</span>web3<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">toWei</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"ether"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">INFO</span> <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">03</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#98c379">24</span><span style="color:#669900">|</span><span style="color:#98c379">11</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">49</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">52.745</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> Setting <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> local account address<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#98c379">0x74f3141E22E415dD9eDAae9CD1EF26E4EF704984</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">INFO</span> <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">03</span><span style="color:#669900">-</span><span style="color:#98c379">24</span><span style="color:#669900">|</span><span style="color:#98c379">11</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">49</span><span style="color:#999999">:</span><span style="color:#98c379">52.746</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> Submitted transaction fullhash<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#98c379">0x6c82be3da7181b7d2c44398f35453e2d21e16a2cb376b29556d1fb30c4addb51</span> recipient<span style="color:#669900">=</span><span style="color:#98c379">0x4161514855682C94e3CBcb4808eb8766cf889e17</span>
<span style="color:#669900">"0x6c82be3da7181b7d2c44398f35453e2d21e16a2cb376b29556d1fb30c4addb51"</span>
</code></span>
计算方法的参考链接:
以太坊估算交易gas消耗量
以太坊中以太币及代币计量单位
以太坊手续费不足异常(insufficient funds)
参考链接:
以太坊中的gas、gas price、gas limit到底是什么
以太坊中的Gas、GasPrice和GasLimit是什么?
以太坊中的交易及交易费用